Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a major health concern, particularly among the elderly. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among adults over the age of 65 (HealthyPeople.gov, n.d.). Osteoporosis is defined as a systematic skeletal disease characterized by bone mass density (BMD) loss and damage to the microstructure of bone tissue, resulting in increased bone vulnerability and fracture risk (HealthyPeople.gov, n.d.). One of the most important factors influencing bone density is personal lifestyle, and can be affected by exercise, nutrition, smoking, which is correctable. According to various studies, good nutrition plays an important role in the prevention of osteoporosis, with calcium and vitamin D being the most important supplements (Hejazi et al., 2020). Calcium is without a doubt the most important nutrient for bone health. Because calcium levels are directly related to BMD and bone health, calcium plays an important role in osteoporosis prevention (Hejazi et al., 2020).
As the APN for these patients that are at risk for osteoporosis, it is important to properly screen for osteoporosis to help prevent bone fractures. The recommendation set forth by the US Preventative Task Force is to screen for osteoporosis with bone measurement for all women over the age of 65 (2021). Women under 65 should be screened with bone measurement as well if they are at high risk for osteoporosis (2021). Along with screening, nutritional education should be given to the patient to help prevent osteoporosis. For all female patients up to age 50, it is recommended that they get 1,000 mg of calcium in their diet from food and/or supplements and 600 IU of vitamin D, after age 50 the amount increases to 1200 mg of calcium per day, with 800 IU of vitamin D (2020). Other important micronutrients for bone health, such as magnesium, vitamin K, and potassium, can be obtained through a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables (at least five servings per day). In addition to diet, a healthy lifestyle that includes adequate physical activity and avoids high-risk behaviors (e.g., excessive use of tobacco and alcohol) can ensure bone health (Hejazi et al., 2020).
